The environmental transition in Canada: a widespread structural breakdown?

Abstract

The urgency of addressing climate change has become a paramount challenge for the international community, necessitating a radical reevaluation of energy sourcing and consumption. This article examines Canada’s recent environmental transition policies, particularly since the ratification of the Paris Agreement in 2016, under Prime Minister Justin Trudeau’s leadership. The analysis highlights the complex dynamics of Canadian federalism, where conflicts between the federal government and provinces – especially those reliant on fossil fuels – have intensified. Key judicial decisions, including the Supreme Court’s affirmation of the federal carbon tax’s constitutionality, illustrate the ongoing legal battles that shape the governance of climate policies. Additionally, provincial legislative initiatives, such as Alberta’s Sovereignty Act and Saskatchewan’s First Act, reflect a growing anti-federal sentiment and assert the need for local autonomy in environmental matters. Ultimately, this study underscores the critical need for coordinated efforts in climate action and the equitable allocation of resources, while navigating the intricacies of federal and provincial powers amid escalating environmental crises.